January 15, 1877 Standing Bear, a Ponca chief, refused to move

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January 15, 1877 Standing Bear, a Ponca sub-chief, and White Eagle, Chief of the Poncas, and more than 700 others, refused to move to a reservation because it was within lands already given to the Lakota. After unscrupulous tactics were used to forcibly remove them from their treaty-protected homeland, they were marched to Kansas, and then Oklahoma, where up to a quarter perished.

Standing Bear and a small band of people ran away from the reservation, where his people were still living in old military tents and freezing, sneaking through Oklahoma, Kansas and all of Nebraska, until reaching near the top of the state. They were captured and put on trail, where he was found to be "a person" under the law. He and his band could stay.

He then was part of the first Indian-Indian lawsuit, where he sued the Lakota for the return of his land. Eventually, the Poncas were allowed to live on either reservation (Oklahoma or Nebraska), and some traveled between the two.

Standing Bear's Footsteps
The Trail of Standing Bear
Standing Bear


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